The development of population, green economy and the environment system

 

 

The development of population, green economy and the environment system

Introduction: The term green economy was first coined in a pioneering 1989 report for the Government of the United Kingdom by a group of leading environmental economists, entitled Blueprint for a Green Economy (Pearce, Markandya and Barbier, 1989). The report was commissioned to advise the UK Government if there was a consensus definition to the term "sustainable development" and the implications of sustainable development for the measurement of economic progress and the appraisal of projects and policies .[1] Apart from in the title of the report, there is no further reference to green economy and it appears that the term was used as an afterthought by the authors.


Characteristics of green economy:

Different international institutions have come up with various characteristics and nature of the green economy. Some of the general characteristics are:

1. Green economy facilitates sustainable development

2. It is resource and energy-efficient

3. This economy creates decent work and green jobs.
4. It respects planetary boundaries or ecological limits or scarcity.
5. It involves integrated decision making.
6.This economy measures progress beyond GDP using appropriate indicators/metrics.[2]
7. It is equitable, fair and just between and within countries and between generations.
8. It protects biodiversity and ecosystems.
9. This economy delivers poverty reduction, well‐being, livelihoods, social protection and access to essential services.
10. It improves governance and the rule of law. It is inclusive; democratic; participatory; accountable; transparent; and stable.

11. The green economy internalise externalities.

A green economy is thought to be based on three pillars – People, Profits and Planet. An economy needs to have healthy communities and thereby healthy workforce. [3]Businesses that are part of the green economy needs to commit themselves to providing products and services which are ethical. It should also be made sure that the businesses do not exploit labour or decrease the quality of life by any means.

Businesses need to raise profits, making sure that the concept and ideas of sustainability are followed without fail. No business should in any way degrade the nature of its components on its run for profits.

A business that is part of a green economy should offer products and services which contribute to the regeneration to the planet. Efficient measures of waste disposal and energy management should be followed.

Principles of green economy:

The concept of green economy is based primarily on different principles, such as:
A. The Well-Being Principle – focuses on growing wealth that will support the wellbeing of all the citizens and is built on collective action for public goods, yet gives importance to individual choices

B. The Justice Principle – the green economy aims at promoting equity within and between generations. It is inclusive, non-discriminatory and gives equal opportunity to all.

C. The Planetary Boundaries Principle – It aims at safeguarding, restoring and investing in nature

D. The Efficiency and Sufficiency Principle – It focuses on supporting sustainable consumption as well as sustainable production

E. The Good Governance Principle – A green economy is guided by integrated, accountable and resilient institutions

F. It delivers sustainable development in all aspects

G. The Inclusion principle – This economy focuses on inclusive and participatory decision making
H. The Resilience Principle – It aims at economic, social and environmental resilience
I. The Intergenerational Principle – It invests for the future.


There are different ways in which we can contribute to the making of a green economy:

A. Establishment of frameworks to regulate sound
B. Removal of harmful subsidies
C. Prioritisation of green investment
D. Utilisation of market mechanisms and taxation

E. Building capacity through training and technology transfer
F. Transformation of consumption patterns as a whole
G. poverty alleviation  
H. Engagement of the private sector
I. Public awareness
Various governments can develop national development plans, and lay strategies in accordance with the principles of the green economy.[4] Primary focus should be given to sectors like energy and agriculture, and low carbon systems should be ensured. Employment and growth of the economy should go hand-in-hand, in a full green way. Labour market adjustments should be managed by the government.[5]

Economic report:

In 1991 and 1994 the authors released sequels to the
1. Reportentitled Blueprint.

2. Greening the world economy and Blueprint.

3. Measuring Sustainable Development.

Whilst the theme of the first Blueprint report was that economics can and should come to the aid of environmental policy, the sequels extended this message to the problems of the global economy - climate change, ozone depletion, tropical deforestation, and resource loss in the developing world. All reports built upon research and practice in environmental economics spanning back several decades.

There is an urgent need for a green economic for the following reasons:

1. The initiative towards a green economy has been born out of several crises and resource scarcity
2. This economy works towards sustainable development
3. It can result in better social inclusion, decrease in poverty etc.
4. This economy is a new economic paradigm that can result in the growth of income as well as jobs, without posing threats to the environment
5. It is developed in common interest between both developed as well as developing countries around the world

Some amendment rules:

In 2008, the term was revived in the context of discussions on the policy response to multiple global crises. In the context of the financial crisis and concerns of a global recession, UNEP championed the idea of "green stimulus packages" and identified specific areas where large-scale public investment could kick-start a "green economy"[6] (Atkisson, 2012). It inspired several governments to implement significant "green stimulus" packages as part of their economic recovery efforts.
In October 2008,
UNEP launched its Green Economy Initiative to provide analysis and policy support for investment in green sectors and for greening environmentally unfriendly sectors. As part of this Initiative, UNEP commissioned one of the original authors of Blueprint for a Green Economy to prepare a report entitled a Global Green New Deal (GGND), which was released in April 2009 and proposed a mix of policy actions that would stimulate economic recovery and at the same time improve the sustainability of the world economy. The GGND called on governments to allocate a significant share of stimulus funding to green sectors and set out three objectives:

(i) economic recovery;

(ii) poverty eradication; and (iii) reduced carbon emissions and ecosystem degradation; and proposed a framework for green stimulus programs as well as supportive domestic and international policies (UNEMG, 2011).

In June 2009,:
in the lead up to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the UN released an interagency statement supporting the green economy as a transformation to address multiple crises . The statement included the hope that the economic recovery would be the turning point for an ambitious and effective international response to the multiple crises facing humanity based on a global green economy.

In February 2010,
Ministers and Heads of Delegation of the UNEP Global Ministerial Environment Forum in Nusa Dua acknowledged in their declaration that the green economy concept "can significantly address current challenges and deliver economic development opportunities and multiple benefits for all nations." It also acknowledged UNEP's leading role in further defining and promoting the concept and encouraged UNEP to contribute to this work through the preparatory process for the UN Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 (Rio+20).
In March 2010,
the General Assembly agreed that green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication would form one of the two specific themes for Rio+20 (resolution 64/236). This led to a great deal of international attention on green economy and related concepts and the publication of numerous recent reports and other literature aiming to further define and demystify the concept.

One of the key reports was the flagship Green Economy Report released by UNEP in November 2011 under its Green Economy Initiative. UNEP partnered with think tanks and commercial actors (including Deutsche Bank), lending credibility to its economic analyses (Atkisson, 2012). Importantly, the report also provides a working definition of "green economy" which has since been cited in numerous other publications.

A series of other publications by UNEP, UNCTAD, UNDESA and the UNCSD Secretariat have attempted to elaborate on the concept and outline guiding principles, benefits, risks and emerging international experience . In December 2011,[7] the UN Environment Management Group (a system-wide coordination body of over 40 specialized agencies, programmes and organs of the United Nations) also released its system-wide perspective on green economy - Working Towards a Balanced and Inclusive Green Economy - which identifies and clarifies the use of green economy and other related terms. This report adopts the definition provided by UNEP in its 2011 Green Economy Report. A number of non-government organizations and partnerships have also developed in recent years which aim to promote green economy as a concept and undertake research, analysis and outreach.


Widely define of green economy:

There is no internationally agreed definition of green economy and at least eight separate definitions were identified in recent publications.[8] For example, UNEP has defined the green economy as "one that results in improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities. It is low carbon, resource efficient, and socially inclusive" (UNEP, 2011). This definition has been cited in a number of more recent reports, including by the UNEMG and the OECD. Another definition for green economy offered by the Green Economy Coalition (a group of NGOs, trade union groups and others doing grassroots work on a green economy) succinctly defines green economy as "a resilient economy that provides a better quality of life for all within the ecological limits of the planet."[9]

As economic and environmental volatility becomes the new normal, CNT’s Sustainable Economic Development program is focused on recovery from these related crises. Sustainable Economic Development is a national initiative built on local economies’ unique assets to address their individual challenges and provide quantifiable real-world benefits. It is a practical, implementable toolkit that tailors strategies to work for local people, businesses, and institutions.


Elements of an anti-poverty program may be common from place-to-place, but solutions must be grounded in the political, social, and economic reality of a location if they are to create real change.[10] The Sustainable Economic Development framework identifies a city’s specific needs and untapped opportunities, using these to lift people out of poverty and bolster economic and environmental resilience. These solutions are designed to raise incomes and decrease household costs by increasing resource efficiencies, improving access to jobs and services, and creating new employment opportunities.


What is Green Economics:

Green economics is a methodology of economics that supports the harmonious interaction between humans and nature and attempts to meet the needs of both simultaneously. Green economic theories encompass a wide range of ideas all dealing with the interconnected relationship between people and the environment. Green economists assert that the basis for all economic decisions should be in some way tied to the ecosystem, and that Natural capital and ecological services have economic value.

UN Environment’s Green Economy Initiative (GEI)[11]


United Nations Environment launched the Green Economy Initiative (GEI) in 2008, which consisted of global research and country-level assistance encouraging policymakers to support environmental investments within the context of sustainable development. Thanks to this initiative and the work of other agencies, “green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication” was placed on the 2012 Rio+20 agenda and was acknowledged as a tool for achieving sustainable development.


UN Environment has developed a working definition of a green economy as one that results in improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities.


Over the past decade, the concept of the Green Economy has emerged as a strategic priority for many governments and intergovernmental organizations. All told, 65 countries have embarked on a path towards an Inclusive Green Economy and related strategies. By transforming their economies into drivers of sustainability, they will be primed to take on the major challenges of the twenty-first century - from urbanization and resource scarcity to climate change and economic volatility.


From GEI to an Inclusive Green Economy:

An Inclusive Green Economy (IGE) has evolved from earlier work on Green Economy. In its simplest expression, such an economy is low carbon, efficient and clean in production, but also inclusive in consumption and outcomes, based on sharing, circularity, collaboration, solidarity, resilience, opportunity,[12] and interdependence. It is focused on expanding options and choices for national economies, using targeted and appropriate fiscal and social protection policies, and backed up by strong institutions that are specifically geared to safeguarding social and ecological floors.[13] And it recognizes that there are many and diverse pathways to environmental sustainability.


Our approach speaks to the multiple benefits – economic, health, security, social and environmental – that such an approach can bring to nations, mindful of the different challenges faced by states along the development continuum, be they developed, developing, emerging, or in conflict. It argues for policies that are nuanced, context-dependent, and modulated. An integrated approach can help states understand how to maximize, prioritize, and sequence the different benefits to human well-being that can be derived from a healthy environment. At the end of the day, an inclusive green economy must provide not only for jobs and income, but for our health, our environment, and our future. This is our common challenge: creating the conditions for enhanced prosperity and growing social equity, within the contours of a finite and fragile planet.

Green Economy:

The role of Green Economy, Sustainable Consumption and Production and Resource Efficiency for Sustainable Development: Sustainable Consumption and Production aims to improve production processes and consumption practices to reduce resource consumption, waste generation and emissions across the full life cycle of processes and products, while Resource Efficiency refers to the ways in which resources are used to deliver value to society and aims to reduce the amount of resources needed, [14]and emissions and waste generated, per unit of product or service. The Green Economy provides a macro-economic approach to sustainable economic growth with a central focus on investments, employment and skills.

The three main areas for the current work on Green Economy are:

1) Advocacy of macro-economic approach to sustainable economic growth through regional, sub-regional and national fora

2) Demonstration of Green Economy approaches with a central focus on access to green finance, technology and investments

3) Support to countries in terms of development and mainstreaming of macro-economic policies to support the transition to a Green Economy

The UN Environment is supporting Mongolia in the implementation of the National Green Development Policy, integration of green economy into local level development plans, Sustainable Development Goals indicators and greening of key sectors

Nine Principles of a Green Economy:
A green, fair and inclusive economy provides a better quality of life for all within the ecological limits of the planet:


1. The Sustainable Principle.  A green, fair and inclusive economy is a means to deliver sustainability:

a. It is one of the vehicles to deliver sustainable development – not a replacement for it.

b. It respects its dependency on a healthy environment and it strives to create wellbeing for all

c. It addresses all three dimensions (environmental, social and economic) and develops policy mixes that integrate and seek the best results across all of them

2. The Justice Principle.  A green, fair and inclusive economy supports equity:

a. It supports equity between and within countries and between  generations[15]
b. It respects human rights and cultural diversity
c. It promotes gender equality and recognises knowledge, skills, experience and contribution of each individual
e. It respects indigenous peoples rights to lands, territories and resources

3. The Dignity Principle. A green, fair and inclusive economy creates genuine prosperity and wellbeing for all:
a. It alleviates poverty
b. It delivers a high level of human development in all countries
c. It provides food security and universal access to basic health, education, sanitation, water, energy and other essential services
d. It transforms traditional jobs by building capacity and skills, respects the rights of workers and actively develops new, decent green jobs and careers
e.It achieves a just transition.
f. It acknowledges the contribution of unpaid work
g. It promotes the self-empowerment and education of women
h. It support the right to development if delivered in a sustainable way

4. Healthy Planet Principle. A green, fair and inclusive economy restores lost biodiversity, invests in natural systems and rehabilitates those that are degraded:

a. It recognizes its dependency on the productivity of ecosystems and biodiversity

b. It does not violate, disrupt, or overstep ecological boundaries and commits to co-operate within them, including reducing pollution, safeguarding ecosystems, biodiversity integrity, other natural resources including air, water, soil, and bio-geochemical cycles

c. It ensures that environmental integrity is maintained before allocating resources among competing uses
d. It ensures an efficient and wise use of natural resources, including water, natural gas, oil and mineral resources, without compromising future generations prospects[16]

e. It supports the respect of all forms of life
f. It applies the precautionary principle
g. It assesses the potential impact of new technologies and innovations before they are released
h. It assesses the environmental impacts of economic policies and seeks to find the least disruptive, most positive  benefit for the environment and people
i. It promotes the restoration of balance between ecological and social relations


5. The Inclusion Principle.  A green, fair and inclusive economy is inclusive and participatory in decision-making:


a. It is based on transparency, sound science and the visible engagement of all relevant stakeholders

b. It supports good governance at all levels from local to global

c. It empowers citizens and promotes full and effective voluntary participation at all levels
d. It respects cultural values, is tolerant to religious views and lifestyle choices, and sensitive to ethical considerations
e. It builds societal awareness, developing education and skills

f. It is transparent, inclusive and participatory, giving equal opportunities to, and advocating further for the rights of, young and old, women and men, poor and low skilled workers, indigenous peoples, ethnic minorities and local communities
6. The Good Governance and Accountability Principle. A green, fair and inclusive economy is accountable:
a. It provides a framework to structure markets and production in consultation with all stakeholders


b. It reports its sustainable progress on environmental, social and economic measures, in company, national and international accounts.


c. It achieves transparency

d. It promotes international cooperation and defines international liability

e. It promotes global policy coherence and fair international cooperation

f. It promotes common but differentiated responsibilities

g. 0It commits to international human rights standards and environmental agreements


7. The Resilience Principle.  A green, fair and inclusive economy contributes to economic, social and environmental resilience:

It supports the development of social and environmental protection systems, and preparedness against and adaptation for climate extreme events and disasters

It creates a universal social protection floor.[17]

It promotes a variety of green economy models relevant to different cultural, social and environmental contexts

It considers indigenous local knowledge and promotes the sharing of diverse knowledge systems


It builds on local skills and capacities and develops these further
It supports sustainable, diverse economies and local livelihoods.

It promotes systems approaches, recognising the interdependence and integrated nature of these systems, underpinned by culture and ethical values


8. The Efficiency and Sufficiency Principle.  A green, fair and inclusive economy delivers sustainable consumption and production:

It seeks to ensure prices reflect true costs incorporating social and environmental externalities

It implements the polluter pays principle

It supports life-cycle management, and strives for zero emission, zero waste,  resource efficiency and optimal water use.[18]

It prioritises renewable energy and renewable resources
It seeks absolute decoupling of production and consumption from negative social and environmental impact
It delivers sustainable lifestyles supporting a major cultural transformation

It promotes social, economic and environmental innovation

It gives fair rights to access intellectual property within a global legal framework


9. The Generations Principle.  A green, fair and inclusive economy invests for the present and the future:


It delivers inter-generational and intra-generational fairness

It promotes conservation of resources and the quality of life over the long term

It influences and regulates the finance sector so that it invests in the green, fair and inclusive economy  and achieves a stable global monetary system

It prioritises long-term, scientifically-sound decision making above the short-term

It promotes equitable education at all levels and sustainability education for children

Meaning of Sustainable Development:

Simply speaking sustainable development means the development which should keep going. Ordinarily speaking, it is a situation in which economic development does not decrease over time, [19]Sustainable development is the development that is everlasting. Sustainable development is a process in which natural resource base is not allowed to deteriorate.

Relationship between Environment and Sustainable Development:


(a) Sustainable development minimizes environmental degradation. As development involves some disturbances in our environment, sustainable development has to be understood as an endeavor to minimize the rate of environmental degradation. It ensures that however small a degradation that does occur is made up in the best acceptable form and as fast as possible.

(b) Environment is one of the dimension of sustainable development. Sustainable development is one which raises national and per capita income by keeping the environmental damage within a tolerable limit so that the future generation will get equal benefits in terms of output and congenial environment.

Following are the main objectives:


(i) Sustainable improvements:
The sustainable development aims at creating sustainable improvements in the quality of life of all people.

(ii) Increase in economic growth:

ADVERTISEMENTS:

The sustainable development aims at increasing the economic growth through meeting basic needs i.e. raising the standard of living.

(iii) Public participation:
The sustainable development aims at public participation to keep the environment clean.
(iv) Maintenance of environment resources:

ADVERTISEMENTS:

The sustainable development aims at maintenance of natural and environmental resources along with economic development.[20]

Bangladesh needs a paradigm shift towards green economy:

Over the last five decades, our economic performance has been impressive, despite various limitations such as resource constraints and weak governance. A few social indicators have also done well. For example, life expectancy at birth has improved, infant mortality rate has declined, and women's participation in the labour market has increased. However, challenges continue to stay along the way. Not only policies and politics have changed and influenced its economic achievements, the country has also seen various shocks both external and internal. One such shock is environmental and climate change related.

The environment is under pressure due to our high population and its concentration in major cities. Urban areas are crowded as people migrate from the rural areas for better opportunities. This has led to land clearing for housing, construction of infrastructure and demand for higher transportation and other facilities. Bangladesh is very dependent on environmental resources such as land, water, forests and fisheries. Overexploitation of these resources by a large population create environmental problems.

The growing economy is also experiencing higher industrialisation, greater use of transportation, construction of buildings, fossil fuel-based energy generation, agricultural production through chemical fertiliser and urbanisation. Increased economic activities put a strain on limited natural resources. Environmental problems manifest through contamination and pollution of land, water and air, which have serious implications for the economy and human health. Geographically, the country is situated in a disaster-prone region, causing natural catastrophes each year.

The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) 2020 prepared by Yale University shows that Bangladesh ranks 162nd among 180 countries in the world, scoring only 29 out of 100. Denmark ranks first with a score of 82.5 and Liberia takes 180th with a score of 22.6. Within South Asia, Bangladesh ranks sixth, ahead of India and Afghanistan but behind all other South Asian countries. The EPI score is calculated based on 32 performance indicators across 11 issue categories. These categories include air quality, sanitation and drinking water, heavy metals, waste management, biodiversity and habitat, ecosystem services, fisheries, climate change, pollution emissions, water resources, and agriculture.

Climate change is at the core of these environmental challenges faced by Bangladesh. The impact of climate change is understood to manifest through the higher frequency of natural disasters such as drought, flood, cyclones and tidal surges, as well as rising sea levels. This Blueprint
early affect the lives and livelihoods of a large number of people. The effects of the sea level rise will be observed through increased rates of coastal erosion, loss of coastal vegetation and habitats, intrusion of salt into groundwater systems and coastal ecosystems, temporary and permanent flooding, and storm surges. These effects will in turn have negative impacts on agriculture, water resources, commercial and residential property, energy and transportation systems, and human health.

Amidst these high risks of climate change, the country is now facing the impact of Covid-19. During this devastating pandemic, the poor have become further marginalised, and low-income earners and informal sector workers are at the risk of sinking into poverty. Like all other countries, Bangladesh will have to undertake recovery measures to rebuild its pandemic affected economy. The economic progress has to be brought back on track. Higher economic growth means higher production and consumption. Production of goods requires use of natural resources. However, such practices of exploitation of natural resources for economic growth is unsustainable.

Bangladesh has been demonstrating its leadership in raising its voice to mitigate the impacts of climate change, particularly on poor countries which are the victims of the acts of more advanced nations. Recently, Bangladesh has become the Chair of the Climate Vulnerable Forum (CVF) for 2020-22. The CVF is a South-South cooperation platform and a partnership of countries that are highly vulnerable to global warming. Bangladesh's Prime Minister and current Chair of the CVF Sheikh Hasina, in an article published in The Guardian on September 22, succinctly described the challenges of climate change and Covid-19 and emphasised that the developed countries should play their part.

Climate change related and Covid-19 induced shocks are deep and multifarious. The international community has to come forward to support Bangladesh. Parallel to that, the government of Bangladesh will have to reorient its focus from a mere growth centric economy to an equitable and inclusive economy. And a green economic recovery path will be the best way to do that. This paradigm shift will enhance human wellbeing and ensure sustainability of the economy.[21]

More specifically, four issues need to be attended to while planning for the economic recovery from Covid-19. First, in order to fulfill its target of becoming an upper middle-income country by 2031 and a developed country by 2041,[22] there will be enhanced efforts to grow faster. This will mean more industrialisation and urbanisation. This means more pollution. Therefore, policymakers will need to ensure that such a process of economic prosperity does not put a strain on the environment. One way is to engage communities in protecting, regenerating and managing natural resources. Quite often, the destroyers of the environment remain above the law. Harmful activities such as encroachment of forest land, destruction of agricultural land and waterbodies, unplanned construction, and emission of hazardous wastes should be stopped through enforcement of the laws. Good governance is crucial for a good natural environment.

Second, sustainable investment should be the way to boost economic activities. Even before the outbreak of Covid-19, Bangladesh had focused on investing in the development of its infrastructure to achieve higher growth. While the importance of infrastructural investment is not only essential for growth but also for employment creation, not all investments are good for the environment. Investment in fossil fuels, particularly coal dependent power plants, is not desirable since it increases carbon emissions. The recent decision of the government of Bangladesh to shift from coal-based energy to clean energy is a right move towards a low-carbon development strategy.[23]

Third, fiscal measures can also help support green recovery. The government has announced a number of stimulus packages for various sectors to recover their losses due to the coronavirus. However, more resources are needed to address increased poverty. The need for a universal social safety net has been felt badly during the ongoing pandemic, but resource constraints do not allow us to introduce this to protect the marginalised people. Perhaps increased taxes on luxury sectors having high negative impacts on the environment and polluting industries can create some fiscal space to support the poor.[24]

Fourth, the poor have less or no control over resources and lack clean air, safe drinking water, adequate food and nutrition, and access to clean energy. The impacts of environmental degradation and climate change falls on the poor more severely than the rich, as the latter can afford to protect themselves while the former cannot. The poor and the marginalised should be provided with clean drinking water, sanitation and clean air. For a sustainable and resilient society, the well-being of the poor has to be at the forefront.[25]

Green Economics and Ecological Economics:

In many ways, green economics is closely related to ecological economics in the way that it views natural resources as having measurable economic value and in how they focus on sustainability and justice.[26] But when it comes to the application of these ideas,[27] advocates of green economics are more politically focused. Green economists advocate for a full cost accounting  system in which the entities (government, industry, individuals, etc.) who do harm to or neglect natural assets are held liable for the damage they do.


There are a few different definitions of a green economy. In 2012, the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) stated in their Guidebook To The Green Economy that a green economy is one "in which economic growth and environmental responsibility work together in a mutually reinforcing fashion while supporting progress and social development." One way that green economics has made its way into the mainstream has been by way of consumer-facing labels indicating a product or a business' degree of sustainability.[28]

Impact of green revolution and Social Consequences:

Green revolution, the word by itself explains the importance of greenery. The green revolution is started by middle-class peasantry community which had strong love towards the land and trees.  This tradition and process started with a change of generation, change of government, change of ways of administration, change of ways of earning a livelihood, change in thoughts, the growth of population, change of needs and requirement, change of eating habits, change in the business market, and growth of competition. This is such a change which was planned without understanding the adverse effect of the change.[29]

Conclusion:
Time has seen such a situation arrived which has substituted the title, entitled to a country, “basket of bread” to “dust bowl”. The reason behind this is the removal of the green cover of grass from the ground, the grass which once which was educated comparatively more than the older generation the soil altogether, had now been removed from the surface in order to satisfy one’s demand and to win in competition of world market, therefore flowing wind created a terrible storm of dust, which causes thousands of death, disruption of the communication lines, millions of cattle’s dead due to suffocation.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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